Conditions, Symptoms & Diagnostic Guides

Urology

Blood in Urine

Haematuria

Blood visible in urine or detected on urine examination.

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Burning While Passing Urine

Dysuria

Burning or pain during urination.

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Frequent Urination

Urinary Frequency

Passing urine more often than usual.

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Night-time Urination

Nocturia

Waking from sleep one or more times to pass urine.

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Poor Urine Flow

Weak Urinary Stream

Reduced force or speed of the urinary stream.

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Difficulty Passing Urine

Voiding Difficulty

Difficulty starting, maintaining or completing urination.

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Unable to Pass Urine

Acute Urinary Retention

Sudden inability to pass urine requiring immediate medical care.

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Flank Pain

Flank Pain (Loin Pain)

Pain felt in the side of the back between the ribs and the hip.

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Scrotal Swelling

Scrotal Swelling

Painful or painless swelling involving one or both sides of the scrotum.

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Testicular Pain

Orchialgia

Sudden, persistent or recurring pain felt in the testicle or scrotum.

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Blood in Semen

Haematospermia

Bright red, pink, brown or rust-coloured blood seen in semen.

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Kidney Stones

Renal Calculi

Hard mineral deposits that form in the kidney or urinary tract.

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Urinary Tract Infection

UTI

Infection affecting any part of the urinary tract.

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Enlarged Prostate

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

Non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland.

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Bladder Stone

Vesical Calculus

A hard mineral stone formed or retained within the urinary bladder.

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Hydrocele

Hydrocele

A usually painless collection of fluid surrounding a testicle.

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Varicocele

Varicocele

Enlarged veins around a testicle that may cause heaviness, discomfort or fertility concerns.

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Phimosis

Phimosis

A foreskin that cannot retract comfortably because it is developmentally narrow or scarred.

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Paraphimosis

Paraphimosis

A retracted foreskin trapped behind the glans—a medical emergency requiring immediate treatment.

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Balanitis and Balanoposthitis

Balanitis / Balanoposthitis

Inflammation affecting the glans, foreskin or both, caused by irritation, infection or skin disease.

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Erectile Dysfunction

Erectile Dysfunction (ED)

Persistent difficulty getting or maintaining an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual activity.

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Premature Ejaculation

Premature Ejaculation (PE) / Early Ejaculation

Ejaculation that repeatedly occurs sooner than wanted, with limited control and meaningful distress.

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Prostatitis and Chronic Pelvic Pain

Prostatitis / Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome (CP/CPPS)

Acute or chronic prostate infection, or persistent pelvic pain involving urinary, muscular and sexual symptoms.

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Urethral Stricture

Urethral Stricture Disease / Urethral Narrowing

Scar tissue narrowing the urethra, causing a weak, thin, spraying or difficult urinary stream.

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Overactive Bladder

Overactive Bladder Syndrome (OAB) / Urgency Urinary Incontinence (UUI)

Sudden urinary urgency, usually with frequency and nocturia, with or without leakage before reaching a toilet.

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Urinary Incontinence

Urinary Incontinence (UI) / Bladder Leakage / Loss of Bladder Control

Unintentional urine leakage caused by stress, urgency, incomplete emptying or another continence problem.

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Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection

Recurrent UTI (rUTI) / Recurrent Cystitis / Repeated Urine Infection

Repeated urinary infections requiring culture confirmation, cause assessment and an individual prevention plan.

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Prostate Cancer

Prostate Adenocarcinoma / Carcinoma of the Prostate / PCa

Cancer of the prostate assessed through PSA, MRI, biopsy Grade Group, stage and individual risk.

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Bladder Cancer

Urothelial Carcinoma / Bladder Tumour / Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder

Cancer of the bladder lining, commonly presenting with painless blood in urine and diagnosed through cystoscopy and TURBT.

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Renal Masses

Kidney Tumour / Renal Tumour / Small Renal Mass / Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC)

An abnormal kidney finding that may be benign, indeterminate or malignant and requires careful imaging-based assessment.

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Testicular Cancer

Testicular Germ-Cell Tumour / Seminoma / Non-Seminoma

A highly curable cancer that commonly presents as a painless lump, hard area or persistent enlargement of one testicle.

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Epididymitis & Epididymo-orchitis

Acute Epididymitis / Epididymo-orchitis / Orchitis

Painful inflammation behind or involving the testicle, commonly caused by urinary or sexually transmitted infection.

Read the patient guide → Radiology

Antenatal Ultrasound Scans

Obstetric Ultrasound / Pregnancy Scan / USG Obstetrics

Ultrasound examinations used during pregnancy to assess location, dates, fetal anatomy, growth, placenta, fluid and wellbeing.

Read the patient guide → Radiology

USG Abdomen

Abdominal Ultrasound / Whole Abdomen Ultrasound / Abdominal Sonography

A sound-wave examination of abdominal organs used to assess pain, abnormal tests, organ changes, stones, fluid and selected blood vessels.

Read the patient guide → Radiology

Thyroid Ultrasound

USG Thyroid / Thyroid Sonography / Neck Ultrasound

A sound-wave examination of the thyroid gland and surrounding neck used to assess enlargement, nodules, cysts, inflammation and selected lymph nodes.

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Breast Ultrasound

USG Breast / Breast Sonography / Targeted Breast Ultrasound

A sound-wave examination used to assess breast lumps, cysts, focal symptoms, imaging findings and selected axillary lymph nodes.

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Pelvic Ultrasound

USG Pelvis / Transabdominal Scan / Transvaginal Ultrasound (TVS)

An external and/or internal sound-wave examination of the uterus, endometrium, ovaries, adnexa and surrounding pelvic structures.

Read the patient guide → Radiology

Scrotal Ultrasound & Testicular Doppler

USG Scrotum / Testicular Ultrasound / Scrotal Colour Doppler

A sound-wave and Doppler examination of both testicles, epididymides, surrounding tissues, fluid, veins and blood flow.

Read the patient guide → Radiology

Renal & Urinary Tract Ultrasound

USG KUB / Kidney and Bladder Ultrasound / Renal Tract Ultrasound

A sound-wave examination of the kidneys and urinary bladder, with post-void residual and prostate assessment when requested.

Read the patient guide → Radiology

Venous Doppler Ultrasound

Lower-Limb Venous Duplex / DVT Scan / Venous Reflux Study

A sound-wave examination of the leg veins for deep-vein thrombosis, chronic obstruction, superficial thrombosis or varicose-vein reflux.

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Arterial Doppler Ultrasound

Lower-Limb Arterial Duplex / Peripheral Arterial Doppler / PAD Scan

A sound-wave and blood-flow examination that maps narrowing or blockage in the arteries supplying the legs and feet.

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Carotid Doppler Ultrasound

Carotid Duplex / Neck-Artery Ultrasound / Carotid Stenosis Scan

A sound-wave and blood-flow examination of the neck arteries for plaque, stenosis, occlusion and surveillance after carotid treatment.

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Renal Artery Doppler

Renal Artery Duplex / Renovascular Doppler / RAS Ultrasound

A dedicated Doppler examination of the aorta, renal arteries and intrarenal blood flow for suspected renovascular hypertension or renal artery stenosis.

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Liver & Portal Venous Doppler

Hepatic Doppler / Portal Vein Doppler / Liver Vascular Ultrasound

Specialised ultrasound assessment of portal, hepatic and related liver-vessel blood flow.

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Groin & Hernia Ultrasound

Dynamic Groin Ultrasound / Inguinal Hernia Scan / Femoral Hernia Scan

Dynamic ultrasound assessment of suspected inguinal and femoral hernias, groin lumps and postoperative recurrence.

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Soft-Tissue Lump Ultrasound

Superficial Soft-Tissue Ultrasound / Lump and Bump Scan / USG Soft Tissue

High-resolution ultrasound assessment of superficial lumps, cysts, lipomas, collections and indeterminate soft-tissue masses.

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Neck & Lymph-Node Ultrasound

Cervical Ultrasound / Lymph-Node Mapping / Neck-Lump Ultrasound

Ultrasound assessment of palpable neck lumps and cervical lymph-node morphology, distribution and Doppler flow.

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Salivary-Gland Ultrasound

Parotid and Submandibular Ultrasound / Salivary-Stone Scan / USG Salivary Glands

Ultrasound assessment of the parotid and submandibular glands for stones, duct obstruction, inflammation, abscesses and masses.

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Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Ultrasound

AAA Scan / Aortic Screening Ultrasound / USG Abdominal Aorta

Ultrasound screening and surveillance of the abdominal aorta for aneurysmal enlargement and interval growth.

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Infant Hip Ultrasound

DDH Ultrasound / Baby Hip Scan / Graf Hip Ultrasound

Ultrasound assessment of infant hip morphology, femoral-head coverage and dynamic stability for developmental dysplasia.

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Neonatal Cranial Neurosonography

Cranial Ultrasound / Infant Head Scan / Transfontanelle Brain Ultrasound

Ultrasound assessment of the neonatal and infant brain through the fontanelles for haemorrhage, white-matter injury and ventricular change.

Read the patient guide → Radiology • Urology

Transrectal Prostate Ultrasound

TRUS / Endorectal Prostate Ultrasound / Transrectal Prostate Scan

Internal ultrasound for prostate volume, PSA density, seminal-tract assessment and real-time procedure guidance.

Read the patient guide → Radiology • Fertility & Gynaecology

Follicular Monitoring Ultrasound

Follicular Tracking / Ovulation Study / Serial Follicular Scan / Folliculometry

Serial ultrasound tracking of ovarian follicle growth, endometrial development and signs of ovulation during natural or treatment cycles.

Read the patient guide → Radiology • Interventional Procedures

Ultrasound-Guided Biopsy and Aspiration

USG-Guided FNAC / Core Needle Biopsy / Image-Guided Aspiration / Percutaneous Sampling

Real-time ultrasound guidance for collecting cells, tissue or fluid with a needle for diagnosis, culture or symptom relief.

Read the patient guide → Orthopaedics

Knee Pain

Knee Arthralgia • Patellofemoral Pain • Internal Derangement of the Knee

Pain, swelling, stiffness, locking or instability affecting the knee, including injury, overload, arthritis and referred-pain patterns.

Read the patient guide → Orthopaedics

Hip Pain

Hip Arthralgia • Coxalgia • Greater Trochanteric Pain Syndrome

Groin, outer-hip, buttock, thigh or referred knee pain arising from the hip joint, tendons, muscles, bone, back or nearby structures.

Read the patient guide → Orthopaedics

Shoulder Pain

Shoulder Arthralgia • Rotator Cuff–Related Shoulder Pain • Glenohumeral Pain

Pain, stiffness, weakness, clicking or instability affecting the shoulder, including rotator cuff, frozen shoulder, arthritis, injury and referred-pain patterns.

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Neck Pain

Cervicalgia • Cervical Spondylosis • Cervical Radiculopathy

Pain or stiffness in the cervical spine, including neck-related headache, shoulder-blade pain, arm nerve symptoms and spinal-cord warning signs.

Read the patient guide → Orthopaedics

Back Pain

Dorsalgia • Low Back Pain • Mechanical Back Pain

Pain affecting the lower, middle or upper back, including mechanical, muscular, disc-related, nerve, fracture and referred-pain patterns.

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Sciatica

Lumbar Radicular Pain • Lumbosacral Radiculopathy • Nerve-Root Pain

Buttock-to-leg nerve pain caused by irritation of a lumbar or sacral nerve root, sometimes with tingling, numbness, weakness or reflex change.

Read the patient guide → Orthopaedics

Frozen Shoulder

Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder

Gradual shoulder pain and capsular stiffness that restricts both active and passive movement, particularly external rotation.

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Tennis Elbow

Lateral Elbow Tendinopathy • Lateral Epicondylalgia

Load-related pain around the outer elbow and common wrist-extensor tendon, often noticed during gripping, lifting or twisting.

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Golfer’s Elbow

Medial Elbow Tendinopathy • Medial Epicondylalgia

Load-related pain around the inner elbow and common flexor-pronator tendon, often noticed during gripping, wrist bending, twisting or throwing.

Read the patient guide → Orthopaedics

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Median-Nerve Compression at the Wrist

Compression of the median nerve at the wrist causing night tingling, numbness, pain or weakness in the thumb-side fingers and hand.

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Trigger Finger

Stenosing Flexor Tenosynovitis • Trigger Digit • Trigger Thumb

Painful clicking, catching or locking when a finger or thumb flexor tendon passes through a narrowed A1 pulley at the palm-side digit base.

Read the patient guide → Orthopaedics

Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis • OA • Degenerative Joint Disease • Osteoarthrosis

A whole-joint condition that commonly causes activity-related pain, brief stiffness and reduced function in the knees, hips, hands, feet or other joints.

Read the patient guide → Orthopaedics

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid Arthritis • RA • Autoimmune Inflammatory Arthritis • Rheumatoid Synovitis

An autoimmune inflammatory disease that can cause persistent synovitis, prolonged morning stiffness, joint damage and symptoms beyond the joints.

Read the patient guide → Orthopaedics

Fractures

Bone Fracture • Broken Bone • Acute, Stress, Fragility & Pathological Fractures

A crack, chip, partial break or complete break in a bone caused by trauma, repetitive loading or weakened bone.

Read the patient guide → Orthopaedics

Dislocations

Joint Dislocation • Subluxation • Fracture-Dislocation • Recurrent Joint Instability

Complete or partial loss of normal joint alignment, which may also injure ligaments, cartilage, bone, nerves or blood vessels.

Read the patient guide → Orthopaedics

Sports Injuries

Acute Sports Injury • Overuse Injury • Load-Related Injury • Sports Rehabilitation & Return to Play

Sudden or gradual injuries caused by sport, exercise or training that may affect muscle, tendon, ligament, joint, cartilage, bone or the nervous system.

Read the patient guide → Orthopaedics

Heel Pain

Plantar Heel Pain • Posterior Heel Pain • Calcaneal Pain • Achilles & Heel-Pad Disorders

Pain beneath, behind or around the heel caused by plantar fascia, Achilles tendon, heel pad, bone stress, nerve, growth-plate or systemic conditions.

Read the patient guide → Orthopaedics

Plantar Fasciitis

Plantar Heel Pain • Plantar Fasciopathy • Plantar Fascia Pain

Load-related pain where the plantar fascia attaches to the inner underside of the heel, often most noticeable with the first steps after rest.

Read the patient guide → Orthopaedics

Osteomyelitis

Bone Infection • Acute, Chronic, Diabetic-Foot & Vertebral Osteomyelitis

Infection involving bone, including bloodstream, wound-related, postoperative, implant-associated, diabetic-foot and spinal pathways.

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Osteoporosis

Low Bone Strength • Fragility Fractures • DXA & FRAX

Reduced bone strength and increased fragility-fracture risk assessed through clinical factors, selected bone-density testing and secondary-cause evaluation.

Read the patient guide → General Surgery

Abdominal Pain

Acute or Recurrent Abdominal Pain • Stomach Pain • Tummy Pain

Pain between the ribs and pelvis assessed through its location, timing, associated symptoms, examination and targeted tests.

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Appendicitis

Acute Appendicitis • Inflamed Appendix • Appendix Infection

Inflammation of the appendix requiring urgent assessment, targeted imaging and a surgical treatment decision.

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Inguinal Hernia

Groin Hernia • Direct or Indirect Inguinal Hernia • Inguinoscrotal Hernia

A groin-wall weakness that allows abdominal fat, bowel or another structure to protrude, producing an intermittent or persistent lump and sometimes pain.

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Umbilical & Incisional Hernias

Navel Hernia • Paraumbilical Hernia • Ventral Hernia • Scar or Port-Site Hernia

Abdominal-wall defects at the navel or beneath a previous operation scar that can allow fat, bowel or another structure to protrude.

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Haemorrhoids

Piles • Internal Haemorrhoids • External or Thrombosed Haemorrhoids

Enlarged haemorrhoidal cushions that can cause fresh rectal bleeding, anal prolapse, irritation or a painful thrombosed external lump.

Read the patient guide → General Surgery

Anal Fissure

Fissure-in-Ano • Acute Anal Fissure • Chronic Anal Fissure

A painful linear tear in the sensitive lining of the anal canal that commonly causes sharp pain during and after stool with a small amount of fresh bleeding.

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Anal Fistula and Perianal Abscess

Fistula-in-Ano • Anal Abscess • Perianal or Perirectal Abscess

An infected cavity near the anus that may require urgent drainage, and the persistent tunnel that can remain and cause recurrent swelling or discharge.

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Lipoma and Soft-Tissue Lumps

Fatty Lump • Subcutaneous Mass • Soft-Tissue Swelling

Clinical assessment of lipomas and other soft-tissue lumps, including warning features, imaging, planned biopsy, observation and surgical excision.

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Ingrown Toenail and Nail Excision

Onychocryptosis • Partial Nail Avulsion • Nail Matrix Treatment

Assessment and treatment of ingrown toenails, including infection warning signs, safe early care, partial or total nail avulsion, matrix treatment, aftercare and recurrence.

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Paronychia

Nail-Fold Infection • Periungual Inflammation • Nail-Fold Abscess

Assessment of acute and chronic paronychia, including nail-fold abscess drainage, deep-infection warning signs, skin-barrier protection, aftercare and recurrence.

Read the patient guide → General Surgery

Breast Lump

Palpable Breast Mass / Breast Thickening / Axillary Lump

Clinical assessment of a new breast, chest-wall or armpit lump using examination, appropriate imaging and tissue sampling when indicated.

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RIRS – Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery

Flexible Ureterorenoscopy / Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery / Laser Lithotripsy

Incision-free endoscopic treatment of selected kidney stones using a flexible ureteroscope, laser fragmentation or dusting and selective stone retrieval.

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URSL – Ureteroscopic Lithotripsy

Ureteroscopic Lithotripsy / Ureterorenoscopic Stone Fragmentation / URS

Incision-free endoscopic treatment of selected ureteric stones using direct visualization, fragmentation and selective stone retrieval.

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PCNL – Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy

Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy / Percutaneous Renal Stone Surgery / Percutaneous Nephrolithotripsy

Image-guided percutaneous surgery used mainly to fragment and remove larger, staghorn or complex stones from the kidney.

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CLT – Cystolithotripsy

Cystolithotripsy / Cystolitholapaxy / Endoscopic Litholapaxy

Endoscopic fragmentation and evacuation of urinary bladder stones, with assessment of bladder emptying and the cause of stone formation.

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TURP – Transurethral Resection of the Prostate

Transurethral Resection of the Prostate / Endoscopic Prostate Resection

Endoscopic removal of obstructing central prostate tissue to improve urinary flow and bladder emptying in selected men with benign prostate obstruction.

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VIU / OIU – Optical Internal Urethrotomy

Visual / Optical / Direct-Vision Internal Urethrotomy

Endoscopic incision of a carefully selected urethral stricture to widen the urinary channel.

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TURBT – Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumour

Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumour / Bladder-Tumour Resection

Endoscopic removal and sampling of a bladder tumour for diagnosis, pathological staging and initial treatment.

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Circumcision – Medical Foreskin Surgery

Complete Surgical Removal of the Foreskin / Prepuce

Medical indications, normal childhood foreskin development, alternatives, procedure, healing, permanent changes, risks, pathology and urgent warning signs.

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Hydrocelectomy – Hydrocele Repair

Excision, Eversion or Plication of the Tunica Vaginalis / Communicating-Hydrocele Repair

Adult and childhood hydrocele repair, patient selection, operative approaches, sac techniques, recovery, recurrence, risks and urgent warning signs.

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Prostate Biopsy – Transperineal, Transrectal and MRI-Targeted Sampling

Ultrasound-Guided Prostate Needle Biopsy / MRI-Targeted and Systematic Core Biopsy

MRI-led planning, transperineal and transrectal routes, targeted and systematic cores, preparation, pathology, risks, limitations and follow-up.

Read the patient guide → ENT

Camera Examination of the Nose

Diagnostic Nasal Endoscopy

A slim illuminated camera examination used to look more deeply inside the nose.

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Camera Examination of the Throat and Voice Box

Flexible Fibreoptic Laryngoscopy

A slim flexible camera examination used to view the throat, voice box and vocal-cord movement while you are awake.

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Ear Camera Examination, Microsuction and Wax Removal

Otoendoscopy and Aural Microsuction

A magnified ear examination with removal of wax or debris under direct vision when clinically appropriate.

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Positional Vertigo and Repositioning Manoeuvres

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)

Brief position-triggered spinning assessed with positional testing and treated with a manoeuvre matched to the affected ear and balance canal.

Read the patient guide → ENT

Small Eardrum Perforation Treatment

Chemical Edge Application for Tympanic Membrane Perforation

A carefully controlled outpatient treatment used to encourage healing in selected small, persistent eardrum perforations.

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Nosebleed Treatment — Packing and Cauterisation

Epistaxis Control / Anterior and Posterior Nasal Packing

A patient guide to nosebleed first aid, targeted cautery, anterior and posterior nasal packing, monitoring and aftercare.

Read the patient guide → ENT

Tongue-Tie Assessment and Release

Ankyloglossia / Lingual Frenotomy

A practical guide to tongue-tie assessment, feeding and speech concerns, frenotomy, risks, aftercare and follow-up.

Read the patient guide → ENT

Ear and Nose Piercing with Earlobe Repair

Sterile Piercing / Split Earlobe Repair or Lobuloplasty

Patient guide to sterile ear and nose piercing, cartilage risks, torn or stretched earlobe repair, aftercare and re-piercing.

Read the patient guide → ENT

Foreign-Body Removal from Ear, Nose and Throat

Aural, Nasal or Aerodigestive Foreign Body

A patient guide to ear, nose and throat foreign bodies, emergency warning signs, safe examination, removal and aftercare.

Read the patient guide → ENT

Septoplasty

Surgical Correction of a Deviated Nasal Septum

A simple patient guide to septoplasty for persistent nasal blockage caused by a deviated septum, including assessment, surgery, recovery and risks.

Read the patient guide → ENT

Nasal Bone Fracture Reduction

Closed Reduction of Nasal Bone Fracture

A simple patient guide to broken-nose assessment, emergency warning signs, septal haematoma, reduction, recovery and realistic results.

Read the patient guide → Pulmonary Medicine

Chronic Cough

Persistent or Chronic Cough

A simple guide to a cough that does not go away, including warning signs, adult and child definitions, common causes, tuberculosis assessment and selected tests.

Read the patient guide → Pulmonary Medicine

COPD

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

A patient guide to persistent airflow obstruction, chronic bronchitis and emphysema, including spirometry, flare-ups, rehabilitation and oxygen assessment.

Read the patient guide → Pulmonary Medicine

Asthma

Bronchial Asthma

A simple guide to variable airway symptoms, triggers, breathing tests, asthma control, flare-ups, device technique and written action plans.

Read the patient guide → Pulmonary Medicine

Breathlessness

Dyspnoea / Shortness of Breath

A patient guide to sudden and persistent breathlessness, including emergency signs, common lung and heart causes, examination and targeted tests.

Read the patient guide → Pulmonary Medicine

Respiratory Allergies

Allergic Rhinitis and Allergy-Triggered Airway Symptoms

A simple guide to allergic nose, eye and airway symptoms, including common airborne triggers, meaningful allergy testing, asthma overlap and emergency reactions.

Read the patient guide → General Medicine

Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes and Persistently High Blood Glucose

A practical guide to diabetes symptoms, laboratory diagnosis, HbA1c, individual monitoring, glucose emergencies and long-term health checks.

Read the patient guide → General Medicine

Hypertension

High Blood Pressure

A practical guide to blood-pressure numbers, correct measurement, clinic and home readings, diagnosis, monitoring, pregnancy and emergency warning signs.

Read the patient guide → General Medicine

Dyslipidaemia

Abnormal Cholesterol and Triglycerides

A practical guide to lipid-profile results, fasting and non-fasting tests, inherited cholesterol, triglycerides and cardiovascular risk.

Read the patient guide → General Medicine

Obesity

Excess Adiposity and Weight-Related Health Risk

A respectful guide to BMI, waist measurements, metabolic health, contributing factors, sustainable care and specialist referral.

Read the patient guide → General Medicine

Fever in Adults

Pyrexia

A practical guide to adult fever, temperature measurement, common causes, urgent warning signs, testing and when medical review is needed.

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Anaemia

Low Haemoglobin

A practical guide to low haemoglobin, common anaemia patterns, urgent symptoms, blood loss, iron studies and finding the underlying cause.

Read the patient guide → General Medicine

Thyroid Disorders

Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism

A practical guide to underactive and overactive thyroid, TSH and free hormone tests, common causes, pregnancy, nodules and urgent warning signs.

Read the patient guide → General Medicine

Fatty Liver Disease

MASLD / NAFLD / MASH

A practical guide to fatty liver and MASLD, fibrosis risk, liver blood tests, ultrasound, elastography, metabolic health and urgent warning signs.

Read the patient guide → General Medicine

Acidity and Reflux

Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD / GERD)

A practical guide to acidity, heartburn, acid reflux, GORD, dyspepsia, warning signs, endoscopy and supervised long-term care.

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